-ishpan

Meanings

1. in front of, before

   Documented in Nahuizalco, Izalco, The Izalcos (Izalco and Nahuizalco), Cuisnahuat, Santo Domingo de Guzmán

   Sources: Schultze Jena (1935), Baratta (1951), Todd (1953), Campbell (1985), King (2011a), King (2011b), Cárcamo et al. (2023), Ordóñez (2026)

The hyphen marks a word never said alone: it always takes a possessive prefix: nu- my · mu- your · i- his or her

Forms

possessed form

nuishpanfirst person singular possessor · Sources: Todd (1953), Campbell (1985)muishpansecond person singular possessor · Sources: Campbell (1985)iishpanthird person singular possessor · Sources: Campbell (1985)

In the texts

• ishpan7 times
• iishpanonce
• muishpanonce

Sources

• Schultze Jena, Mythen in der Muttersprache der Pipil von Izalco (1935), recorded 1930
• Baratta, Cuzcatlán típico (1951)
• Todd, Notas del náhuat de Nahuizalco (1953)
• Campbell, The Pipil Language of El Salvador (1985), recorded 1970–1976
• King, Léxico del Náhuat Básico (2011), recorded 2004–2008
• King, Timumachtikan! (2011), recorded 2004–2011
• Cárcamo et al., Achtu Taksalis (2023), recorded about 2019–2022
• Ordóñez, Diccionario náhuat (2026)